… Practical resistance to Bt corn has been documented for … crops are increased adoption rates
and concomittantly reduced … abundant refuges can delay pest resistance to transgenic crops. …

… ment program for lepidopteran pests of Bt corn and cotton” (… mitigation and sustainable
management of resistant insect … amount, and Bt seeds cost more than non-Bt refuge seeds. …

… , we must focus on more than the evolution of resistance. Although … For example, intermediate
rates of pest survival and … : 1) Bt only and 2) cornfields with refuge and Bt corn. Larval …

… In cotton and maize, adoption rates are influenced by the … In the case of Bt corn targeting
corn rootworm larvae, the dose … -dose refuge” strategy, mating may not be random, resistance …

… delay resistance evolution, typically, refuges of non-Bt maize … by the implementation of insect
resistance management (IRM) … Spain where adoption rates of Bt maize are the highest, (ii) …

… maize refuge compared to structured non-Bt maize refuge, given the current rates of refuge
… Finally, growers will be more likely to plant structured refuges in maize if the hybrids that are …

… production increased use of Bt corn and reduced corn rotations … the use of refuges for
delaying evolution of pest resistance to Bt … if a refuge mandate or a price-based incentive is more …

… Bt refuge as one tactic of a mandated insect resistance management (IRM) plan to maintain
Bt … for changing the outcome of planting more non-Bt maize refuge, as well as for increasing …

… costs appear to accompany Bt resistance by European corn … high-dose Bt traits can be
compromised by pest resistance and … both Bt corn and Bt cotton, increasing refuges of non-Bt corn …

… sustainability of Bt maize in Africa where insect resistance … characteristics of refuge plants
are that they should be good pest hosts, … producers for whom chemical control and labor costs …